Comparative Analysis of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Diabetic Versus Non-Diabetic Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, particularly in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Diabetes is a known risk factor for exacerbating CVD, but the comparative impact on CCS patients remains under-explored. Objective: To compare the cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic coronary syndrome, analyzing their clinical profiles and laboratory parameters. Methods: This prospective observational study included 200 patients diagnosed with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), attending Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, between June 2023 and July 2024. A total of 120 diabetic patients (Group 1) and 80 non-diabetic patients (Group 2) were enrolled. Data on demographic characteristics, hypertension, lipid profiles, blood sugar levels, and other cardiovascular risk factors were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with significance set at a p-value <0.05. Variables such as age, gender, smoking status, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, HbA1c, and lipid profiles were examined. Results: Among diabetic patients, 73% had uncontrolled blood sugar levels (HbA1c > 7%), and 62% showed elevated cholesterol levels. The mean blood pressure in diabetics was significantly higher (138/85 mmHg) compared to non-diabetics (128/82 mmHg) (p < 0.01). Standard deviation for blood pressure was 7.8 mmHg in diabetics versus 5.5 mmHg in non-diabetics. A significant difference was found in the LDL-C levels, with diabetic patients showing a mean of 148.6 mg/dL (SD = 24.3) compared to 132.4 mg/dL (SD = 21.2) in non-diabetic patients (p < 0.03). Furthermore, 64% of diabetic patients exhibited high triglyceride levels (≥150 mg/dL), compared to 45% in the non-diabetic group (p = 0.02). Multivariate regression analysis identified diabetes as a significant independent predictor of higher cardiovascular risk in CCS patients (p < 0.05). Additionally, diabetic patients had a significantly higher incidence of smoking (p = 0.04) and family history of heart disease (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Diabetic patients with chronic coronary syndrome exhibit significantly higher cardiovascular risks than their non-diabetic counterparts, necessitating targeted interventions for better management and prognosis.