Impact of Sunlight Exposure and Dietary Habit on Vitamin D Status of Workers Coming from Middle East

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health concern, particularly among populations with limited sunlight exposure and restricted dietary intake of Vitamin D-rich foods. Expatriate workers from the Middle East living in tropical countries like Bangladesh represent a vulnerable group, yet their Vitamin D status remains understudied. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among Middle Eastern expatriate workers in Bangladesh and investigate the association of sunlight exposure, clothing styles, and dietary habits with Vitamin D levels. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from January to June 2018 among 100 expatriate workers recruited purposively at Comilla Medical College Hospital. Data were collected through interviews, clinical examinations, and serum 25(OH)D measurements using Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests to assess associations, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: The majority (65%) of participants were Vitamin D deficient, 31% were insufficient, and only 4% had normal levels. Limited sunlight exposure (≤15 minutes/day) was reported by 86% of participants, and 63% wore clothing covering their entire body. Regular consumption of sea fish (p=0.022) and milk (p=0.001) was significantly associated with better Vitamin D status, while omega-3 fatty acid supplementation showed no significant association. The use of sunblock and sunlight exposure duration were not significantly associated with Vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among expatriate workers from the Middle East residing in Bangladesh, influenced by limited sun exposure, cultural clothing practices, and dietary habits. Targeted interventions, including dietary fortification and public health campaigns promoting safe sun exposure, are essential to mitigate deficiency and improve health outcomes in this vulnerable population.